EVALUATION OF ORAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH SARS-COV-2: SEVERE VERSUS CRITICAL COVID-19

Camilla Siqueira de Aguiar; José  Vital Alves Cabral; João Carlos Hazin de Godoy; Gyovanna Borges Pessoa; João Marcílio Coelho Netto Lins Aroucha; Gustavo Pina Godoy; Isabela Braz da Silva; Arnaldo de França Caldas Júnior

doi:10.54899/dcs.v22i79.57

Keywords:

Abstract

Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop a wide range of symptoms, with reported oral manifestations including xerostomia, sialadenitis, vesiculobullous lesions, ulcerative lesions, and dysgeusia. This study aimed to evaluate the oral changes in COVID-19 patients admitted to wards and intensive care units (ICUs) at two COVID-19 care units in Pernambuco, Brazil. This was an analytical, cross-sectional study involving 30 adult patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 of both sexes. Sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms, biomedical maintenance variables, and changes in the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity were examined. Data were collected using a form containing sociodemographic information and medical history. An intraoral examination was also performed using the CPO-D and CPI indices and a physical examination to diagnose oral mucosal lesions. The data obtained were subjected to specific statistical tests and analyzed using SPSS software. The mean age of the patients was 64.47 ± 2.74 years, with 56.7% being male. The individuals exhibited poor oral hygiene, with 63.3% showing a high caries rate (DMFT = 22.5), severe periodontal disease, and 70% presenting oral lesions at the time of the examination. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that oral lesions were common among COVID-19 patients, regardless of their symptom severity. It was also observed that most of the patients had poor oral hygiene, periodontal issues, and tooth loss.
References
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to cite

Aguiar, C. S. de, Cabral , J. . V. A., Godoy, J. C. H. de, Pessoa, G. B., Aroucha, J. M. C. N. L., Godoy, G. P., … Caldas Júnior, A. de F. (2025). EVALUATION OF ORAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH SARS-COV-2: SEVERE VERSUS CRITICAL COVID-19. Derecho Y Cambio Social, 22(79), e57. https://doi.org/10.54899/dcs.v22i79.57

[1] BEARN, D. R. et al. Index of Oral Cleanliness (IOC). A new oral hygiene index for use in clinical audit. British Journal of Orthodontics, v. 23, n. 2, p. 145-151, 1996.

[2] BIADSEE, Ameen et al. Olfactory and oral manifestations of COVID-19: sex-related symptoms — a potential pathway to early diagnosis. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, v. 163, n. 4, p. 722-728, 2020.

[3] BRANDÃO, Thaís Bianca et al. Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Could the oral cavity be a target organ?. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, v. 131, n. 2, p. e45-e51, 2021.

[4] CARRERAS‐PRESAS, Carmen Martín et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Oral diseases, 2020.

[5] CHI, Angela C. et al. Oral manifestations of systemic disease. American family physician, v. 82, n. 11, p. 1381-1388, 2010.

[6] CIAGLIA, Elena; VECCHIONE, Carmine; PUCA, Annibale Alessandro. COVID-19 infection and circulating ECA2 levels: protective role in women and children. Frontiers in pediatrics, v. 8, p. 206, 2020.

[7] COULTHARD, Paul. Dentistry and coronavirus (COVID-19)-moral decision-making. British Dental Journal, v. 228, n. 7, p. 503-505, 2020.

[8] CRUZ TAPIA, Roberto Onneret al. Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Report of four cases. Are they a true sign of COVID‐19 disease?. Special Care in Dentistry, v. 40, n. 6, p. 555-560, 2020.

[9] DE MELO FILHO, Mário Rodrigues et al. Palate hyperpigmentation caused by prolonged use of the anti-malarial chloroquine. Head and neck pathology, v. 6, n. 1, p. 48-50, 2012.

[10] DE SOUSA, Fernando Augusto Cervantes Garcia; PARADELLA, Thaís Cachuté. Considerations on oral manifestations of COVID‐19. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020.

[11] DHINGRA, Kunaal; VANDANA, Kharidhi Laxman. Indices for measuring periodontitis: a literature review. International dental journal, v. 61, n. 2, p. 76-84, 2011.

[12] DOS SANTOS, Juliana Amorim et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations?. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, v. 97, p. 326-328, 2020.

[13] DZIEDZIC, Arkadiusz; WOJTYCZKA, Robert. The impact of coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID‐19) on oral health. Oral diseases, v. 27, p. 703-706, 2021.

[14] FERNANDES, L. L. et al. Saliva in the diagnosis of COVID-19: a review and new research directions. Journal of Dental Research, v. 99, n. 13, p. 1435-1443, 2020.

[15] GE, Zi-yu et al. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, v. 21, n. 5, p. 361-368, 2020.

[16] GODINHO, Géssica Vasconcelos et al. Extensive hard palate hyperpigmentation associated with chloroquine use. British journal of clinical pharmacology, v. 86, n. 11, p. 2325-2327, 2020.

[17] GORBALENYA, Alexander E. et al. Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol, v. 5, n. 4, p. 536-544, 2020.

[18] GU, Jinyang; HAN, Bing; WANG, Jian. COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal–oral transmission. Gastroenterology, v. 158, n. 6, p. 1518-1519, 2020.

[19] GUAN, Wei-jie et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine, v. 382, n. 18, p. 1708-1720, 2020.

[20] GUPTA, Aakriti et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature medicine, v. 26, n. 7, p. 1017-1032, 2020.

[21] HINDSON, Jordan. COVID-19: faecal–oral transmission?. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, v. 17, n. 5, p. 259-259, 2020.

[22] HUANG, Chaolin et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, v. 395, n. 10223, p. 497-506, 2020.

[23] JIMENEZ‐CAUHE, Juan et al. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption in patients with COVID‐19 infection: clinical and histological findings. Clinicaland experimental dermatology, 2020.

[24] KAYA, Gürkan; KAYA, Aysin; SAURAT, Jean-Hilaire. Clinical and histopathological features and potential pathological mechanisms of skin lesions in COVID-19: review of the literature. Dermatopathology, v. 7, n. 1, p. 3-16, 2020.

[25] KLEIN, Henry; PALMER, Carroll E.; KRAMER, Morton. Studies on dental caries. II. The use of the normal probability curve for expressing the age distribution of eruption of the permanent teeth. Growth, v. 1, n. 385-394, p. 20, 1937.

[26] LECHIEN, Jerome R. et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, v. 277, n. 8, p. 2251-2261, 2020.

[27] LENTI, Marco Vincenzo et al. Impact of COVID-19 on liver function: results from an internal medicine unit in Northern Italy. Internal and emergency medicine, v. 15, n. 8, p. 1399-1407, 2020.

[28] MEHRA, Mandeep R. et al. RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. The Lancet, 2020.

[29] NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION. Pub ChemDatabase. Ritonavir. 2020.

[30] NOVAK, Natalijia et al. SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19, skin and immunology–What do we know so far?. Allergy, v. 76, n. 3, p. 698-713, 2021.

[31] PEDROSA, Marlus da Silva; SIPERT, Carla Renata; NOGUEIRA, Fernando Neves. Salivary glands, saliva and oral findings in COVID-19 infection. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, v. 20, 2020.

[32] PENG, Xian et al. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International journal of oral science, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2020.

[33] REDWINE, Laura et al. Acute psychological stress: effects on chemotaxis and cellular adhesion molecule expression. Psychosomatic medicine, v. 65, n. 4, p. 598-603, 2003.

[34] SABINO-SILVA, Robinson; JARDIM, Ana Carolina Gomes; SIQUEIRA, Walter L. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clinical oral investigations, v. 24, n. 4, p. 1619-1621, 2020.

[35] SINGHANIA, Namrata et al. Current overview on hypercoagulability in COVID-19. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, v. 20, n. 5, p. 393-403, 2020.

[36] SOARES, Ciro Dantas et al. Letter to Editor: Oral lesions in a patient with Covid-19. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal, v. 25, n. 4, p. e563, 2020.

[37] SPAGNUOLO, Gianrico et al. COVID-19 outbreak: an overview on dentistry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 17, n. 6, p. 2094, 2020.

[38] SPETH, Marlene M. et al. <? covid19?> Olfactory dysfunction and sinonasal symptomatology in COVID-19: prevalence, severity, timing, and associated characteristics. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, v. 163, n. 1, p. 114-120, 2020.

[39] TO, Kelvin Kai-Wang et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v. 71, n. 15, p. 841-843, 2020.

[40] VINAYACHANDRAN, Divya; BALASUBRAMANIAN, Saravanakarthikeyan. Salivary diagnostics in COVID-19: Future research implications. Journal of dental sciences, v. 15, n. 3, p. 364, 2020.

[41] WANG, Chenxing et al. Does infection of 2019 novel coronavirus cause acute and/or chronic sialadenitis?. Medical hypotheses, v. 140, p. 109789, 2020.

[42] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) et al. WHO health emergency dashboard—WHO (COVID-19) homepage. Vol. 2020. Webpage. World Health Organization, 2020.

[43] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013; 127p.

[44] XU, Hao et al. High expression of ECA2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science, v. 12, n. 1, p. 1-5, 2020.

[45] YEO, Charleen; KAUSHAL, Sanghvi; YEO, Danson. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible?. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology, v. 5, n. 4, p. 335-337, 2020.

[46] ZHOU, Peng et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, v. 579, n. 7798, p. 270-273, 2020.

[47] ZOU, Xin et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ECA2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, p. 1-8, 2020.

Abstract

References

How to cite